Mauryan Empire – Complete Study Notes for UPSC & State PSC
1. Introduction
The Mauryan Empire was the first large-scale political unification of India. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 322 BCE after overthrowing the Nanda dynasty. The empire expanded under Bindusara and reached its greatest extent under Ashoka.
The Mauryan period marks a turning point in Indian history because it established a strong centralized administration and left behind valuable inscriptions.
2. Sources of Mauryan History
- Arthashastra (written by Kautilya / Chanakya)
- Indica (written by Megasthenes)
- Ashokan Edicts
- Buddhist texts (Mahavamsa, Dipavamsa)
- Jain texts
3. Chandragupta Maurya (322–298 BCE)
- Founder of Mauryan Empire
- Defeated Dhana Nanda
- Defeated Seleucus Nicator (Greek ruler)
- Capital: Pataliputra
- Advisor: Chanakya (Kautilya)
Chandragupta established a strong centralized administration. He later embraced Jainism and went to Karnataka where he performed Sallekhana.
4. Bindusara (298–273 BCE)
- Son of Chandragupta
- Expanded empire to South India
- Known as “Amitraghata” (Slayer of enemies)
5. Ashoka the Great (273–232 BCE)
Kalinga War (261 BCE)
The Kalinga war was a turning point in Ashoka’s life. After witnessing the destruction and bloodshed, Ashoka adopted Buddhism and followed the policy of Dhamma.
Dhamma Policy
- Non-violence
- Religious tolerance
- Respect for elders
- Kindness to animals
Ashokan Edicts
- Written in Prakrit language
- Written in Brahmi and Kharosthi script
- Major Rock Edicts
- Pillar Edicts
6. Mauryan Administration
Central Administration
- King was supreme authority
- Council of Ministers
- Mahamatras (officials)
Provincial Administration
- Empire divided into provinces
- Governed by princes (Kumaras)
Revenue System
- Main income from land revenue
- Tax collected by Samaharta
Army
- Infantry
- Cavalry
- Elephants
- Chariots
7. Economy
- Agriculture was main occupation
- State controlled trade
- Use of punch-marked coins
- Roads for trade (Uttarapatha)
8. Art and Architecture
- Ashokan Pillars (Lion Capital of Sarnath – National Emblem)
- Stupas (Sanchi, Bharhut)
- Rock-cut caves (Barabar Hills)
9. Decline of Mauryan Empire
- Weak successors
- Large empire difficult to control
- Economic burden
- Invasion by Greeks
The last Mauryan ruler Brihadratha was killed by Pushyamitra Shunga.
10. Importance for UPSC & State PSC
- Ashoka’s Dhamma frequently asked
- Administration vs Modern Administration comparison
- Art & Architecture in Prelims
- Sources-based questions common
Conclusion
The Mauryan Empire laid the foundation of political unity in India. Ashoka’s policy of Dhamma remains one of the greatest moral experiments in world history.